中国粮食作物秸秆焚烧排碳量及转化生物炭固碳量的估算

生物质燃烧对全球大气碳排放和气候变化产生重要的影响。近年来,利用生物质制备生物炭实现碳封存备受重视。该文根据2001-2010年中国粮食产量,估算了主要粮食作物秸秆产量,结合秸秆露天焚烧比例及CO和CO2排放因子,得出CO和CO2的排放量及碳排放总量。同时,根据实验室条件下秸秆转化为生物炭的产率及碳含量,估算了中国粮食作物秸秆转化生物炭后固定碳的量。结果发现,中国粮食作物秸秆因焚烧年排放CO、CO2和总碳量分别为1.15×107、1.57×108和4.77×107t。中国粮食作物秸秆全部转化为生物炭后年平均可固碳0.96×108t,如果把每年焚烧秸秆的量全部转化为生物炭可减少近一半因焚烧秸秆排放碳的量,可见,生物炭固碳技术是一种非常有前景的碳汇技术。     

分选加工中稻米垩白自动检测算法

林地利用变化会对森林固碳总量产生一定的影响,林地利用过程碳汇效率可以从投入产出解释不同林地利用类型的固碳效应,以帮助实现林地利用结构最优时碳汇产出水平的最大化。该文基于区域的视角,通过选用数据包络分析方法（data envelopment analysis,DEA）的C2R-I模型,将不同类型的林地利用数量作为投入,将森林固碳总量作为最终产出,结合全面的历史统计资料查证与实地校验,对杭州市域林地利用过程碳汇效率进行了测度与实证研究。研究结果表明：杭州市域林地利用过程碳汇效率发展不平衡,各县市区之间差距较大,并且碳汇效率的空间分布与各县市区经济发展水平之间存在一定的反向关联性。而根据"土地利用、土地利用变化及林业（land use, land-use change and forestry,LULUCF）"指南和"复杂系统数据包络分析（complex system data envelopment analysis,CSDEA）"转化法则,提高不同林地利用类型的单位面积蓄积量,充分考虑本地区的城市化水平与森林自然度状况,将是影响区域林地利用过程碳汇效率优化的3个重要因素。文章最后给出了包含这3个影响因素的投入产出优化计量模型。模型计算结果表明,杭州市域"造林再造林"投入优化可增加蓄积量3 279.68 m3/a,"森林管理"投入优化可增加蓄积量2 9871.23 m3/a,"森林采伐"投入优化可增加蓄积量111 959.19 m3/a,"森林固碳"产出优化可增加固碳总量7.61 Tg/a。文章结论不仅对区域林地利用过程的碳汇效率研究具有理论贡献,而且可以从碳循环调控的角度为区域低碳经济发展的模式选择与发展战略提供参考。     

Increase in soil carbon sequestration using rice husk charcoal without stimulating CH4 and N2O emissions in an Andosol paddy field in Japan

Abstract

Biochar application has been recognized as an effective option for promoting carbon (C) sequestration, but it may also affect the production and consumption of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in soil. A 1-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rice husk charcoal application on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and the balance of greenhouse gas exchanges in an Andosol paddy field. The experiment compared the treatments of rice husk charcoal applied at 10, 20 and 40 Mg ha^?1 (RC10, RC20 and RC40, respectively), rice husk applied at 20 Mg ha^?1 (RH20), and the control (CONT). Rice straw and grain yields did not significantly differ among the treatments. The seasonal cumulative CH₄ emissions were 38–47% higher from RC10, RC20 and RC40 than from the CONT. However, the increases were not in proportion to the application rates of rice husk charcoal, and their values did not significantly differ from the CONT. On the contrary, the RH20 treatment significantly increased the cumulative CH₄ emission by 227% compared to the CONT. The N₂O emissions during the measurement were not affected by the treatments. As a result, the combined global warming potential (GWP) of CH₄ and N₂O emissions was significantly higher in RH20 than in the other treatments. There was a positive linear correlation between C storage in the top 10 cm of soil and the application rate of rice husk charcoal. The increases in soil C contents compared to the CONT corresponded to 98–149% of the C amounts added as rice husk charcoal and 41% of the C added as rice husk. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in the off season were not significantly different among RC10, RC20, RC40 and CONT, indicating that C added as rice husk charcoal remained in the soil during the fallow period. The CO₂ equivalent balance between soil C sequestration and the combined GWP indicates that the rice husk charcoal treatments stored more C in soil than the CONT, whereas the RH20 emitted more C than the CONT. These results suggest that rice husk charcoal application will contribute to mitigating global warming without sacrificing rice yields.     

What the soil reveals: Potential total ecosystem C stores of the Pacific Northwest region, USA

How much organic C can a region naturally store in its ecosystems? How can this be determined, when land management has altered the vegetation of the landscape substantially? The answers may lie in the soil: this study synthesized the spatial distribution of soil properties derived from the state soils geographic database with empirical measurements of old-growth forest ecosystem C to yield a regional distribution of potential maximum total-ecosystem organic C stores. The region under consideration is 179,000 square kilometers extending from the southern Oregon border to the northern Washington border, and from the Pacific Ocean to the east side of the Cascade Mountains. Total ecosystem organic C (TEC) was measured in 16 diverse old-growth forests encompassing 35 stands and 79 pedons to a depth of 100 cm. The TEC ranged between 185 and 1200 Mg C ha⁻¹. On an average, 63% of TEC was in the vegetation, 13% in woody detritus, 3% in the forest floor, 7% in the 0–20 cm mineral soil, and 13% in 20–100 cm mineral soil. The TEC was strongly related to soil organic C (SOC) in the 0–20 cm mineral soil, yielding a monotonically increasing, curvilinear relation. To apply this relation to estimate the TEC distribution throughout the region, 211 map units of the state soils geographic database (STATSGO) were used. The SOC in the 0–20 cm mineral soil of the map units was consistent with values from previously measured pedons distributed throughout the region. Resampling of 13 second-growth forests 25 years after initial sampling indicated no regional change in mineral SOC, and supported the use of a static state soils map. The SOC spatial distribution combined with the quantitative old-growth TEC–SOC relation yielded an estimate of potential TEC storage throughout the region under the hypothetical condition of old-growth forest coverage. The area-weighted TEC was 760 Mg C ha⁻¹. This is 100 Mg C ha⁻¹ more than a previous estimate based on a coarser resolution of six physiographic provinces, and 400 Mg C ha⁻¹ more than current regional stores. The map of potential TEC may be useful in forecasting regional C dynamics and in land-management decisions related to C sequestration.     

西南“旱三熟”区不同作物和秸秆覆盖对土壤团聚体及固碳潜力的影响

为了探讨西南"旱三熟"(小麦/玉米/大豆)套作种植模式下农田土壤团聚体的分布特征及有机碳含量变化情况,进而估算该模式下的土壤固碳潜力,在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对传统耕作(traditional tillage,T)和传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(traditional tillage+straw mulching,TS)2种处理下的土壤团聚体进行筛分和测定。结果表明,3种作物种植下的2mm粒径与2~0.25mm粒径团聚体含量此消彼长,存在显著的负相关关系(r=-0.985,P0.05)。土壤团聚体结构对不同作物的响应不同,水稳性大团聚体(0.25mm粒径)含量在小麦和大豆种植后高达90%左右,玉米种植后约为80%,说明种植玉米有利于土壤水稳性微团聚体的形成。2~0.25mm粒径团聚体的有机碳含量最高,而水稳性微团聚体的两个粒径团聚体有机碳含量相差不大,有机碳含量在团聚体中的分布规律不受种植作物和耕作方式的影响。秸秆覆盖显著提高了0~5cm和5~10cm土层的本土及各个粒径中的有机碳含量,且5~10cm土层团聚体有机碳受秸秆覆盖的影响较大。通过估算固碳潜力发现,玉米条带的土壤固碳潜力显著大于小麦-大豆条带,在耕作处理保持一致的情况下,土壤团聚体有机碳含量对农作物的响应不同。因此,在西南"旱三熟"地区,农田土壤团聚体分布特征和不同粒径有机碳含量受到耕作措施和种植作物的双重影响,土壤固碳潜力主要由水稳性大团聚体的固碳能力决定,水稳性大团聚体更易受到耕作措施和种植作物的影响,在实践中通过秸秆还田提高土壤固碳外,合理安排农作物也有助于提高土壤的固碳能力。     

The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.     

内装纸箱集装箱中溴甲烷气体分布及残留检测研究

采用 4 0英尺集装箱熏蒸处理纸箱 ,实验对箱中溴甲烷气体分布及散气后溴甲烷残留进行了检测研究。结果表明 ,温度高低、集装箱中纸箱堆放和电扇鼓风等情况对溴甲烷分布与扩散影响明显。集装箱装满纸箱情况下 ,当温度≥ 2 1℃ ,投药 2h后上、下检测点平均溴甲烷浓度达到最低浓度要求 ;当温度 <2 1℃时 ,投药 2 4h后上检测点平均溴甲烷浓度仍达不到最低浓度要求。当集装箱中间留有通道或使用电扇鼓风情况下 ,投药 2h后各检测点溴甲烷浓度分布达到最低浓度要求。集装箱装满纸箱情况下 ,溴甲烷向大气扩散较慢 ,即使电扇鼓风散气2h ,2 4h后溴甲烷残留量仍达不到安全指标要求。集装箱中间留有通道情况下 ,箱中溴甲烷残留量下降很快 ,并可达到安全指标要求。     

2种坛紫菜品系栽培生长参数及CNP固定效率比较

以洞头海区养殖的"洞头本地菜"和"浙东1号"2种坛紫菜品系为研究材料,测定其不同收割期叶状体长度、干质量、CNP含量等参数,核算了S值、产量及CNP固定效率等指标。结果显示:随着收割期延长,2种坛紫菜品系的叶状体长度逐渐下降,单条叶状体干质量与S值逐渐增加,产量先升后降,CNP固定效率整体呈上升趋势。一水至四水"洞头本地菜"的单条叶状体长度、干质量均高于"浙东1号",二水至四水"洞头本地菜"的产量、CNP固定效率均高于"浙东1号",2种坛紫菜品系S值之间无明显差异。一水至四水"洞头本地菜"CNP总固定效率分别为900.74 kg/hm~2、110.16 kg/hm~2和14.16 kg/hm~2,"浙东1号"CNP总固定效率分别为683.34 kg/hm~2、84.3 kg/hm~2和10.75 kg/hm~2。上述指标在不同收割期均呈极显著差异(P0.01),在不同品系间均无显著差异(P0.05),研究结果有助于进一步认知坛紫菜养殖的生长性状与生态效益。     

森林经营单位级碳储量动态变化研究——以广西热林中心为例

中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心从2008年开始进行人工林近自然经营,为了评价经营效果对森林固碳能力的影响,以热林中心2011年、2013年、2015年对238块系统抽样样地数据为基础,采用现有的生物量方程和碳转换系数乔木林碳储量进行估算。结果表明,乔木林碳储量由2011年的605826.95t增加到2015年的721847.04t,年平均增加29005.02t,碳密度由2011年的35.94t·hm^-2增加到2015年的42.34t·hm^-2,但仍小于全国和世界的平均数。针叶林碳储量高于阔叶林,由2011年的413753.07t增加至2015年的479611.05t,年均增加16464.50t,栎类的增长幅度最大,年均增长率64.00%,碳储量最大的树种是马尾松,占总碳储量的62.92%。证明近自然经营能够有效促进森林固碳能力。     

林业碳汇项目类型及开发策略分析

以项目为载体的林业碳汇作为重要交易标的,已经在国内外主要的碳交易市场体系中频繁出现。但是,由于不同碳市场产生的背景、主要目标及交易规则的差异,对参与交易的林业碳汇项目开发标准与具体要求不尽相同。合格的可交易林业碳汇在全球林业碳汇市场中所占份额依然很小,林业碳汇尚未发挥其应有的作用与潜力。文中在对国内外林业碳汇市场发展概况进行简要梳理并对目前主要林业碳汇项目类型及其特征进行比较分析的基础上,结合我国碳市场发展与森林经营特点,提出了我国林业碳汇的未来发展策略:一是立足国内,建立多元化林业碳汇市场;二是立足资源优势,重点发展森林经营碳汇项目;三是加强林业基础数据与信息化建设,降低林业碳汇项目交易成本;四是加强不同碳市场衔接与协同,并积极参与国际市场交易。